The subtext of this essay might be “word problems,” since the stream of thoughts that led to the za’irajah (zairja) began with a paper I read, while searching for potential problems for this website, on the history of word problems in high school texts in algebra in the 20th and 21st centuries. The following statement by Lorenat caught my attention:
“The newer characteristics of how word problems are treated in Long’s text [2016] … include adding sympathetic commentary about fear of word problems. ‘And of course, there are those dreaded “Word Problems,” but I’ve solved them all for you, so they’re painless.’
[Lorenat continues,] A more extreme example of this is exhibited in the word problem commentary of Michael W. Kelley’s The Idiot’s Complete Guide to Algebra: Second Edition from 2007, in which he describes word problems as ‘a necessary evil of algebra, jammed in there to show you that you can use algebra in “real life.”’ However, Kelley makes no attempt to write ‘real life’ word problems, and criticizes the uselessness of the word problems he does include.”
This essay is an attempt to rebut such negative views of solving word problems by placing the activity in a more favorable historical context.
See the Za’irajah and Mathematics
This is a surprisingly challenging puzzle from the Mathematics 2020 calendar.
The following problem from Five Hundred Mathematical Challenges was a challenge indeed, even though it appeared to be a standard travel puzzle.
This is a problem from a while back (2015) at Futility Closet.
Here is another engaging problem from 
Here is another challenging problem from the 2004 Pi in the Sky Canadian magazine for high school students.
This is another fairly simple puzzle from Futility Closet.
Here is another simply amazing problem from Five Hundred Mathematical Challenges:
This is a delightful and surprising problem from 
Here is another train puzzle, this time from J. A. H. Hunter’s Entertaining Mathematical Teasers:
