Here is yet another collection of beautiful geometric problems from Catriona Agg (née Shearer). For some reason I found these a bit more challenging than the previous ones. Some of them required more time to “see” the breakthrough.
Here is a challenging problem from the 1874 The Analyst.
“A cask containing a gallons of wine stands on another containing a gallons of water; they are connected by a pipe through which, when open, the wine can escape into the lower cask at the rate of c gallons per minute, and through a pipe in the lower cask the mixture can escape at the same rate; also, water can be let in through a pipe on the top of the upper cask at a like rate. If all the pipes be opened at the same instant, how much wine will be in the lower cask at the end of t minutes, supposing the fluids to mingle perfectly?
— Communicated by Artemas Martin, Mathematical Editor of Schoolday Magazine, Erie, Pennsylvania.”
I found the problem in Benjamin Wardhaugh’s book where he describes The Analyst:
“Beginning in 1874 and continuing as Annals of Mathematics from 1884 onward, The Analyst appeared monthly, published in Des Moines, Iowa, and was intended as “a suitable medium of communication between a large class of investigators and students in science, comprising the various grades from the students in our high schools and colleges to the college professor.” It carried a range of mathematical articles, both pure and applied, and a regular series of mathematical problems of varying difficulty: on the whole they seem harder than those in The Ladies’ Diary and possibly easier than the Mathematical Challenges in the extract after the next. Those given here appeared in the very first issue.”
I tailored my solution after the “Diluted Wine Puzzle”, though this problem was more complicated. Moreover, the final solution must pass from discreet steps to continuous ones.
There is a bonus problem in a later issue:
“19. Referring to Question 4, (No. 1): At what time will the lower cask contain the greatest quantity of wine?
—Communicated by Prof. Geo. R. Perkins.”
See the Wine Into Water Problem
This is another Brainteaser from the Quantum math magazine .
“How can a polygonal line BDEFG be drawn in a triangle ABC so that the five triangles obtained have the same area?”
I found this problem rather challenging, especially when I first tried to solve it analytically (using hyperbolas). Eventually I arrived at a procedure that would accomplish the result. The Quantum “solution,” however, was tantamount to just saying divide the triangle into triangles of equal area—without providing a method! That is, no solution at all.
See the Equitable Slice Problem
These two interesting problems were posed on MEI’s MathsMonday site on 3 February 2020 and 2 March 2020, respectively. MEI and readers posted various approaches, but I used a method suggested by another problem whose origin I no longer recall.
See the Nested Polygons Puzzle
Here is another problem from Presh Talwalkar which he says is adapted from India’s Civil Services Exam.
“There are three runners X, Y, and Z. Each runs with a different uniform speed in a 1000 meters race. If X gives Y a start of 50 meters, they will finish the race at the same time. If X gives Z a start of 69 meters, they will finish the race at the same time. Suppose Y and Z are in a [1000 meter] race. How much of a start should Y give to Z so they would finish the race at the same time?”
Even though Talwalkar’s original graphic showed all the runners in a 1000 meter race, it was not immediately clear to me from the wording that the race between Y and Z was also 1000 meters. But that was the case, so I made it explicit.
See the Three Runners Puzzle
Here is another problem from the Sherlock Holmes puzzle book by Dr. Watson (aka Tim Dedopulos).
“Wiggins grinned at me. ‘You’ve not played Rock Paper Scissors before, Doctor?’
‘Doesn’t ring a bell,’ I told him.
‘Two of you randomly pick one of the three, and shout your choice simultaneously. There are hand gestures, too. If you both get the same, it’s a draw. Otherwise, scissors beats paper, paper beats rock, and rock beats scissors.’
‘So it’s a way of settling an argument,’ I suggested.
‘You were brought up wrong, Doctor,’ Wiggins said gravely. ‘Look, try it this way. I played a series of ten games with Alice earlier. I picked scissors six times, rock three times, and paper once. She picked scissors four times, rock twice, and paper four times. None of our games were drawn.’ He glanced at Holmes, who nodded. ‘So then, Doctor. What was the overall score for the series?’ ”
See the Rock Paper Scissors Problem
This is a somewhat challenging math cryptogram in a slightly different guise from the Canadian Math Society’s magazine, Crux Mathematicorum.
“But you can’t make arithmetic out of passion. Passion has no square root.” (Steve Shagan, City of Angels, G.P. Putnam’s Sons, New York, 1975, p. 16.)
On the contrary, show that in the decimal system
has a unique solution.
See the Passion Kiss Problem
Here is a problem from the Quantum magazine, only this time from the “Challenges” section (these are expected to be a bit more difficult than the Brainteasers).
“Three circles with the same radius r all pass through a point H. Prove that the circle passing through the points where the pairs of circles intersect (that is, points A, B, and C) also has the same radius r.”
Indeed, I found this quite challenging. It took me several weeks to work out my approach and details.
This simple-appearing problem is from the 17 August 2020 MathsMonday offering by MEI, an independent curriculum development body for mathematics education in the UK.
“The diagram shows an equilateral triangle in a rectangle. The two shapes share a corner and the other corners of the triangle lie on the edges of the rectangle. Prove that the area of the green triangle is equal to the sum of the areas of the blue and red triangles. What is the most elegant proof of this fact?”
Since the MEI twitter page seemed to be aimed at the high school level and the parting challenge seemed to indicate that there was one of those simple, revealing solutions to the problem, I spent several days trying to find one. I went down a number of rabbit holes and kept arriving at circular reasoning results that assumed what I wanted to prove. Visio revealed a number of fascinating relationships, but they all assumed the result and did not provide a proof. I finally found an approach that I thought was at least semi-elegant.
See the Diabolical Triangle Puzzle
(Update 1/30/2021) New MEI Solution
This is an interesting problem from the 1977 Canadian Math Society’s magazine, Crux Mathematicorum.
“206. [1977: 10] Proposed by Dan Pedoe, University of Minnesota.
A circle intersects the sides BC, CA and AB of a triangle ABC in the pairs of points X, X’, Y, Y’ and Z, Z’ respectively. If the perpendiculars at X, Y and Z to the respective sides BC, CA and AB are concurrent at a point P, prove that the respective perpendiculars at X’, Y’ and Z’ to the sides BC, CA and AB are concurrent at a point P’.”
See the Twin Intersection Puzzle
Puzzles and Problems: plane geometry, Dan Pedoe, Crux Mathematicorum